Question 1

What cancers does a gynaecologic oncologist treat?

Accepted Answer

A gynaecologic oncologist specialises in cancers of the female reproductive system, including ovarian, uterine (endometrial), cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers. They are trained in both complex cancer surgery specific to these organs and in coordinating chemotherapy, radiation and other treatments as needed. Seeing a gynaecologic oncologist, rather than a general gynaecologist or surgeon, for a confirmed or suspected gynaecological cancer is associated with better surgical outcomes, since these specialists have focused training in the specific techniques these cancers require.

Question 2

What three kinds of ovarian cancer are there?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial, germ cell and stromal tumours are the three primary forms of ovarian cancer.

Question 3

Does the HPV vaccine have any health risks?

Accepted Answer

Ideally, the vaccine is safe, but there are some minor side effects, such as soreness, redness in the injection area, and swelling.

Question 4

How does the HPV vaccine help prevent cervical cancer?

Accepted Answer

This is interesting as the HPV vaccine tricks the patient’s body into thinking that it has been infected, only to trigger the immune system to produce antibodies.

Question 5

What size of ovarian cyst is dangerous in mm?

Accepted Answer

A cyst above 50–100 mm may pose risks and should be monitored or treated based on symptoms.

Question 6

How many stages in blood cancer?

Accepted Answer

Blood cancer generally has four stages, ranging from localized abnormal cell growth to widespread involvement of organs like the liver and spleen.

Question 7

How is cervical cancer caused?

Accepted Answer

The main cause is persistent infection with HPV, which damages cervical cells and may lead to cancer over time.

Question 8

When should a woman see a gynaecologic oncologist?

Accepted Answer

You should see a gynaecologic oncologist if you have a confirmed diagnosis of a gynaecological cancer, or if your gynaecologist finds a suspicious mass, abnormal Pap smear result, or persistent symptoms like unusual bleeding, pelvic pain or bloating that raise concern for cancer. A referral is often made proactively even before a diagnosis is fully confirmed, so that if surgery is needed, it can be performed by a specialist trained specifically in cancer surgery from the outset.

Question 9

What are the five warning signs of cervical cancer?

Accepted Answer

The five warning signs of cervical cancer are:

Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Unusual vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Pain during sexual intercourse
Changes in urinary or bowel habits

Question 10

hat are the risk factors for Uterine Cancer?

Accepted Answer

Obesity, smoking, high cholesterol, unbalanced triglyceride levels, and high blood pressure are some risk factors for Uterine Cancer.

Question 11

Ovarian cancer: is it contagious?

Accepted Answer

Ovarian cancer will continue to spread to remote parts of the body if it is not effectively and timely treated, including the lungs, lung fluid, or liver tissue.

Question 12

What is the ideal age to get the HPV vaccine?

Accepted Answer

The best age to get the HPV vaccine is from 11 to 12 years. However, FDA recommends HPV vaccination upto the age of 45 years. WHO recommends at least a single dose of HPV Vaccination in LMIC regions.

Question 13

What treatment approaches does gynaecologic oncology offer?

Accepted Answer

Treatment combines surgery, often including removal of the uterus, ovaries and nearby lymph nodes depending on the cancer type and stage, with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy or hormone therapy as needed. Many gynaecological cancer surgeries can now be performed using minimally invasive or robotic techniques, which can mean less pain and faster recovery for suitable patients. Treatment plans are individualised based on the specific cancer type, stage, and the patient's overall health and fertility goals where relevant.

Question 14

What causes the majority of cervical cancer cases?

Accepted Answer

The main cause of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV). This is the cause of 90% of cervical cancer cases.

Question 15

What size of ovarian cyst is dangerous during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Cysts larger than 6 cm during pregnancy may need close monitoring or surgical management if symptomatic.

Question 16

How does the vaccine work?

Accepted Answer

The working of the vaccine is based on the simulation. The vaccine stimulates the virus but not the actual virus to activate the immune system of the body.

Question 17

Can fertility be preserved during treatment for gynaecological cancer?

Accepted Answer

In some cases, yes, particularly for early-stage cervical or ovarian cancers in younger women who wish to have children in the future. Fertility-sparing surgery, which removes the cancer while preserving the uterus and at least one ovary where safely possible, may be an option depending on the cancer type, stage and specific characteristics. This isn't suitable for every situation, and your gynaecologic oncologist will discuss whether fertility preservation is a realistic option for your specific diagnosis before treatment begins.

Question 18

What age does cervical cancer start?

Accepted Answer

Cervical cancer typically develops in women in their mid-to-late 30s to early 40s. The average age at diagnosis is around 50 years old.

Question 19

What other ways are there to prevent cervical cancer?

Accepted Answer

By quitting smoking, getting regular cervical screening tests done, and practicing safe sexual activity, you can prevent cervical cancer.

Question 20

Can cervical cancer be cured?

Accepted Answer

Yes, cervical cancer can be cured, especially when detected and treated at an early stage. Treatment options for cervical cancer may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Question 21

How often is follow-up needed after gynaecological cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Follow-up after treatment typically involves regular visits every three to six months for the first two to three years, since recurrence risk is highest during this period, then gradually spacing out to annual visits if no recurrence occurs. Visits usually include a physical and pelvic exam, and imaging or blood tests such as CA-125 as needed based on your specific cancer type. This structured follow-up helps catch any recurrence early, when it's most treatable, so attending all scheduled appointments is important even when you feel well.

Gynaecologic Oncology