Question 1

What are the early symptoms of ovarian cancer women often miss?

Accepted Answer

Early ovarian cancer symptoms are often vague and can be mistaken for common digestive issues. These include persistent bloating, feeling full quickly while eating, pelvic or abdominal pain, and changes in bowel or urinary habits, such as increased urgency or frequency. Because these symptoms overlap with conditions like IBS, they are frequently dismissed. The key warning sign is persistence: if new bloating, pain or appetite changes last more than two weeks and don't have an obvious explanation, it's important to see a gynaecologist for evaluation rather than waiting for symptoms to resolve on their own.

Question 2

What causes ovarian cancer and who is at higher risk?

Accepted Answer

The exact cause of ovarian cancer isn't fully understood, but certain factors raise risk, including increasing age (most cases occur after 50), a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, never having been pregnant, and endometriosis. Starting periods early or reaching menopause late may also slightly increase risk. Having one or more risk factors doesn't mean you will develop ovarian cancer, but discussing your personal and family history with your gynaecologist can help determine if genetic counselling or closer monitoring is appropriate for you.

Question 3

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed and confirmed?

Accepted Answer

Diagnosis typically starts with a pelvic exam, followed by a transvaginal ultrasound to look for ovarian masses, and a CA-125 blood test, which can be elevated in ovarian cancer though it isn't specific enough alone for diagnosis. A CT or PET scan may follow to check whether cancer has spread. However, a biopsy, usually obtained during surgery, is the only way to definitively confirm ovarian cancer and determine its exact type and stage. Your gynaecologic oncologist will use all of these results together to plan the most appropriate treatment.

Question 4

What treatment options are available for ovarian cancer?

Accepted Answer

Treatment for ovarian cancer usually combines surgery to remove as much of the tumour as possible, often including the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus, with chemotherapy to target remaining cancer cells. For advanced or recurrent cases, targeted therapies such as PARP inhibitors, and in some cases immunotherapy, may be added based on genetic testing of the tumour. The exact treatment plan depends on the cancer's stage, type and your overall health, and is best decided by a multidisciplinary team including a gynaecologic oncologist.

Question 5

Can ovarian cancer be detected early through screening tests?

Accepted Answer

Unfortunately, no reliable screening test currently exists for ovarian cancer in women at average risk, which is why it is often diagnosed at a later stage. Routine pelvic exams and Pap smears do not effectively detect ovarian cancer, as the Pap test screens for cervical, not ovarian, changes. Women with a strong family history or known BRCA mutations may be offered more frequent monitoring with ultrasound and CA-125 testing, though this is not a substitute for screening. Being alert to persistent symptoms remains the most practical early-detection strategy for most women.

Question 6

What lifestyle and dietary changes help during ovarian cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

During ovarian cancer treatment, eating small, frequent, protein-rich meals can help manage appetite changes and support strength through chemotherapy. Staying hydrated and including fibre-rich foods can ease digestive side effects. Gentle physical activity, as approved by your care team, helps maintain energy and reduce fatigue. Emotional support through counselling or support groups is equally important, since the diagnosis can be overwhelming. Always discuss any dietary supplements or major diet changes with your oncology team, since some can interact with chemotherapy or other treatments.

Ovarian Cancer