Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that is predominantly diagnosed in adolescents and referred to as adult-onset or degenerative scoliosis. Our spine has a naturally slight forward and backward curve. In the event of scoliosis, the spine curves to the left and right into a ‘C’ or ‘S’ shape.

While scoliosis is sometimes known to strike people with conditions like cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, the root cause of most childhood scoliosis cases cannot be determined. Most cases are mild, but scoliosis sometimes gets worse as children grow. Severe scoliosis could be absolutely debilitating.

Types of scoliosis

Scoliosis can be classified into 3 types:

Idiopathic scoliosis: This is where the cause can’t be determined and is the most common type. Researchers though have found a genetic link.
Congenital scoliosis: This happens when the bones that make up our spine (vertebrae) don’t form properly inside the embryo. It is a rare spine aberration usually detected at birth.
Neuromuscular scoliosis: This type of scoliosis happens when there are abnormalities in the muscles and nerves that support the spine. Neuromuscular scoliosis is usually accompanied by other nerve or muscle conditions like an injury, cerebral palsy, spina bifida or muscular dystrophy.

Depending on when it is diagnosed, scoliosis can be termed:

Infantile: Younger than 3 years
Juvenile: Ages 4 through 10
Adolescent: Ages 11 through 18
Adult idiopathic: Any time after 18

Symptoms of scoliosis may include:

Uneven shoulders
One shoulder blade appearing more prominent than the other
Uneven waist
One hip higher than the other
One side of the ribcage jutting forward
A prominence on one side of the back while bending forward

In most cases of scoliosis, the spine rotates or twists in addition to the curvature towards one side, resulting in ribs or muscles on one side sticking out further than the corresponding ones on the other side.

Diagnosis of scoliosis

The first step is a physical examination, where you will be made to stand up straight and then bend forward to touch your toes.
Your doctor will examine your back to check the shape of your spine and the range of your movement.
Your nerves will also be evaluated by testing your reflexes and muscle strength.
Your medical and family history will be taken.
You will be asked about your symptoms and when you first noticed a change in your spine.
If you have any bowel, bladder or motor symptoms which could signify nerve damage from pressure caused by scoliosis.
Multiple imaging tests like X-Rays, MRI and CT scans could be prescribed.

If scoliosis is diagnosed, you will be referred to an orthopaedic spine specialist. Scoliosis is mostly diagnosed during adolescence, between ages 10 and 15.

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