Overview

Swollen testicles, medically known as testicular swelling or orchitis, refer to the abnormal enlargement of one or both testes, the male reproductive organs located within the scrotum. This condition is typically characterised by increased size, tenderness, and a sensation of fullness in the affected testicle(s). Many conditions, including infections such as orchitis or epididymitis, trauma, inflammation, hernias, hydroceles, or even underlying medical conditions like testicular cancer, can result in testicular enlargement. Testicular swelling should always be swiftly treated with medical intervention, as it may indicate more serious conditions that need to be properly diagnosed and treated to protect reproductive and general health.

Causes Of Swollen Testicles

Infections:

Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a tube that stores and carries sperm, can lead to swelling and pain in the testicles. Bacterial infections, such as UTIs and STIs (sexually transmitted infections), are frequently the cause of this illness.

Orchitis: Testicular inflammation is typically caused by bacterial or viral illnesses such as mumps. It can cause significant testicular swelling, tenderness, and discomfort.

Trauma or Injury: Testicular Trauma: Accidents, sports injuries, or direct blows to the scrotum can cause testicular swelling and pain. Trauma may result in bruising or damage to the blood vessels and tissues within the testicles.

Hernias:

Inguinal Hernia: Testicular oedema can occasionally result from an intestinal segment pushing through the abdominal wall and into the inguinal canal, a passageway in the groyne. This type of hernia may cause discomfort and necessitate surgical repair.
Hydrocele: A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac around the testicle, causing swelling. It typically occurs due to an imbalance in fluid production and absorption, often without an underlying cause. Hydroceles are usually painless but can result in noticeable enlargement.

Testicular Torsion: A medical emergency known as "testicular torsion" occurs when the spermatic cord twists, severing the testicle's blood supply. It results in oedema and abrupt, to intense testicular discomfort. To save the testicle, medical attention must be provided immediately.
Testicular Cancer: While less common, testicular cancer can manifest as painless swelling or a lump in the testicle. Early detection through regular self-examinations and medical check-ups is crucial for effective treatment.
Otvariouscele: Swollen veins within the scrotum, known as a varicocele, can lead to testicular swelling and discomfort. It is often related to blood flow issues and may require surgical correction.
Inguinal Lymphadenopathy: Swollen lymph nodes in the groyne area can sometimes cause referred pain and swelling in the testicles.

Treatment

Infections

Epididymitis/Orchitis: Antibiotics are prescribed to treat bacterial infections causing epididymitis or orchitis. Rest, elevation of the scrotum, and pain relievers can also help alleviate discomfort. In some cases, hospitalisation may be required.

Trauma or Injury:

Testicular Trauma: Treatment depends on the severity of the injury. Rest and pain management may be sufficient for minor trauma. In cases of severe damage, such as a testicular rupture, surgery may be necessary to repair the testicle and stop bleeding.

Hernias

Inguinal Hernia: Surgical repair is the primary treatment for inguinal hernias. The projecting tissue is forced back into the abdominal cavity during the treatment, and mesh or stitches are used to reinforce the fragile abdominal wall.
Hydrocele: If the hydrocele causes discomfort or becomes large enough to affect daily activities, a doctor may recommend surgical intervention. This procedure involves draining the fluid and sometimes closing the sac to prevent further accumulation.
Testicular Torsion: This is a surgical emergency. A urologist has to operate as soon as possible to untwist the spermatic cord and restore blood circulation to the affected testicle. Delaying treatment can lead to testicular damage or loss.
Testicular Cancer: Treatment typically starts with orchiectomy (removal of the affected testicle). Depending on the type and stage of the cancer, more treatment may be needed, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Regular follow-up care is crucial for monitoring and managing the disease.
Varicocele: Treatment options for varicoceles include embolisation (blocking the affected veins) or surgical repair (ligation). Intervention may be considered if the varicocele causes pain, discomfort, or fertility issues.
Inguinal Lymphadenopathy: Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, which may involve antibiotics for infections or medications for inflammatory conditions. Once the underlying issue is resolved, the swollen lymph nodes and associated testicular swelling should improve.

When To Consult A Doctor

You can also get in touch with the expert Urology doctors at Narayana Healthcare based in your city to get immediate attention and medical support during injuries, health disorders or any other health concern.

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Conclusion

Swollen testicles can result from a diverse range of causes, including infections, trauma, hernias, hydroceles, testicular torsion, cancer, varicoceles, or lymphadenopathy. The appropriate treatment for swollen testicles varies depending on the underlying condition. Timely medical attention is paramount, as some causes, like testicular torsion or testicular cancer, demand immediate intervention to prevent irreversible damage.

Careful evaluation by healthcare professionals ensures accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plans involving antibiotics, surgery, pain management, or other therapies. Early detection and treatment address the root causes effectively and play a vital role in safeguarding both reproductive and overall health.

References:

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/22518-swollen-testicles-scrotal-swelling