When the thin sac encasing the heart, known as the pericardium, becomes inflamed, it can lead to sudden, intense chest pain that closely resembles the symptoms of a heart attack. This condition is called pericarditis. It can leave an individual feeling anxious and uncertain, as every breath or movement seems to intensify the discomfort.

If left untreated, pericarditis can lead to severe complications such as pericardial effusion (fluid buildup around the heart) or even life-threatening cardiac tamponade. With the right treatment, ranging from anti-inflammatory medications to more advanced interventions, one can reduce pain, prevent complications, and return to a healthier life. Let's explore what triggers pericarditis, how to recognise its symptoms early, and the best treatment strategies.

What Is Pericarditis?
Causes of Pericarditis
Symptoms of Pericarditis
Diagnosis of Pericarditis
Treatment of Pericarditis
Did You Know?
Myths and Facts
Conclusion
When to Seek Professional Help
Frequently Asked Questions

What Is Pericarditis?

Pericarditis involves the swelling of the pericardium, which leads to intense chest pain, especially noticeable when reclining or inhaling deeply.

Causes of Pericarditis

Pericarditis can be triggered by a variety of factors. Some of the most common causes include:

1. Infections:

Viral infections: Common viruses such as the flu, Epstein-Barr virus, or HIV can cause pericarditis.
Bacterial infections: Less common but more severe, often resulting from tuberculosis or pneumonia.
Fungal infections: Rare, typically occurring in individuals with weakened immune systems.

2. Autoimmune disorders:

Conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or scleroderma can cause the immune system to attack the pericardium.

3. Heart conditions:

Heart attack: Damage from a heart attack can inflame the pericardium.
Post-cardiac surgery: Inflammation can develop after heart surgery (known as post-pericardiotomy syndrome).

4. Injury or trauma:

Blunt chest injuries from accidents can lead to pericarditis.

5. Cancer:

Cancer that spreads to the pericardium, such as lung or breast cancer, can cause inflammation.

6. Medications:

Certain drugs, including blood thinners and chemotherapy agents, have been linked to pericarditis.

7. Other Causes:

Kidney failure
Radiation therapy to the chest
Hypothyroidism

Symptoms of Pericarditis

The most common symptom of pericarditis is sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens when lying flat or taking deep breaths and improves when sitting up or leaning forward. Other symptoms may include:

Shortness of breath
Low-grade fever
Fatigue
Heart palpitations
Swelling in the legs or abdomen (in severe cases)
Cough

In chronic pericarditis, symptoms might develop more gradually and persist for a longer period, including ongoing fatigue and difficulty breathing.

Diagnosis of Pericarditis

Doctors diagnose pericarditis through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and tests such as:

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Detects irregularities in heart rhythm.
Echocardiogram: Checks for fluid build-up around the heart.
Chest X-ray: Identifies any enlargement of the heart or fluid accumulation.
Cardiac MRI or CT scan: Provides detailed images of the heart and pericardium.
Blood tests: Detect markers of inflammation or infection.

Treatment of Pericarditis

The treatment approach for pericarditis depends on the severity and underlying cause. Common treatments include:

1. Medications:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Ibuprofen or aspirin to reduce inflammation and pain.
Colchicine: Reduces recurrence and treats inflammation.
Corticosteroids: For severe cases or when other treatments fail.
Antibiotics: For bacterial infections.

2. Procedures:

Pericardiocentesis: Draining excess fluid from the pericardial sac.
Pericardiectomy: Surgical removal of the pericardium in chronic or severe cases.

3. Lifestyle Changes and Monitoring:

Rest until symptoms improve.
Regular follow-ups to monitor heart function.
Dietary changes if necessary (especially in cases related to kidney failure).

Did You Know?

Pericarditis, an inflammation of the protective sac around the heart, can be triggered by viral infections, heart attacks, or even certain medications.
Chest pain from pericarditis often worsens when lying down but can improve when sitting up or leaning forward, a key symptom that helps differentiate it from a heart attack.

Myths & Facts

Myth 1: Pericarditis is always caused by a heart attack.
Fact: While heart attacks can trigger pericarditis, the condition is more commonly caused by viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or chest injuries.

Myth 2: Pericarditis is a lifelong condition.

Fact: Most cases of pericarditis are temporary and resolve with proper treatment, although some individuals may experience recurrent episodes.

Myth 3: Rest is enough to treat pericarditis.
Fact: While rest can help, medical treatment like anti-inflammatory medications, corticosteroids, or even surgical intervention may be necessary, depending on the severity of the condition.

Conclusion

Pericarditis, though uncomfortable and sometimes alarming, is often manageable with the right diagnosis and treatment. If you experience persistent chest pain, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. By understanding the causes, recognising the symptoms, and knowing the treatment options, you can take proactive steps towards better heart health.

When to Seek Professional Help

Seek medical attention if you experience alarming symptoms like shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, or persistent chest pain. Watch for symptoms like fever, swelling, or dizziness, which may indicate complications. If chest pain is intense or sudden, seek emergency care immediately.

Schedule a consultation today at Narayana Health’s advanced Cardiac Care Department for the best treatment plans and compassionate care— Call us @ 08068617735

References

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352510

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