Overview

Prostate cancer is a condition that refers to the growth of cancerous cells within the prostate gland, an organ situated beneath the bladder in men. This condition arises when irregular cells in the prostate start to multiply and cluster together, forming a tumour that can potentially metastasise into distant parts of the body. Diagnosing prostate cancer early is crucial because it allows for timely treatment, better chances of a successful outcome, and improved quality of life for the patient.

Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Diagnosing prostate cancer is significant as it enables appropriate treatment decisions, a better prognosis, and increased chances of successful treatment outcomes. It involves several techniques to detect and assess the presence of cancerous cells in the prostate gland.

- Magnetic Resonance Imaging- An MRI scan uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the prostate gland. This non-invasive imaging technique helps to visualise prostate cancer's size, shape and potential spread. MRI scans are particularly useful in detecting tumours and assessing the extent of cancer within the prostate and surrounding areas.
- Elevated PSA level- Specific Antigen (PSA) Levels: While not a symptom per se, an elevated PSA level in a blood test can be an indication of prostate abnormalities, including cancer. Regular PSA screenings are recommended for early detection.
- Prostate Biopsy- A prostate biopsy is the most definitive test for prostate cancer. It involves the removal of small tissue samples from the prostate gland for laboratory analysis. The procedure is typically performed using ultrasound guidance to target suspicious areas precisely. A pathologist then examines the collected tissue samples under a microscope to determine if cancerous cells exist. This process also provides information about the aggressiveness and stage of prostate cancer.
- Transrectal Ultrasound- This imaging technique involves inserting a small ultrasound probe into the rectum to obtain detailed images of the prostate gland. The ultrasound waves create a visual representation of the prostate, enabling the identification of any suspicious areas or abnormalities.
- Digital Rectal Examination- This process involves a healthcare professional inserting a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland. The professional can detect abnormalities by assessing the gland's size, shape, and texture.
- CA19-9 Test- This test measures CA19-9 protein levels in the blood, aiding in diagnosing and monitoring pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers. The test also helps in assessing treatment response and detecting recurrence of cancer.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen- This blood test measures the levels of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland, in the bloodstream. Elevated PSA levels indicate the possibility of prostate cancer. However, it is important to note that increased PSA levels can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions such as enlarged prostate or inflammation.
- Gleason Score- The pathologist assigns a Gleason score to the cancer based on the microscopic appearance of the biopsy samples. The Gleason score helps predict the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
- Risk Assessment- After obtaining the diagnostic information, healthcare providers use various risk assessment tools such as prostate-specific antigen test, digital rectal exam, prostate health index, 4K score test, and more to determine the cancer risk category. This helps guide treatment decisions and prognosis.

When to Consult a Doctor

You can also get in touch with the expert Oncology doctors at Narayana Healthcare based in your city to get immediate attention and medical support during injuries, health disorders or any other health concern.

Conclusion

The diagnosis of prostate cancer involves a thorough assessment using various techniques such as digital rectal examination, PSA testing, transrectal ultrasound, MRI scans, and prostate biopsy. These methods play an important role in identifying the presence of cancerous cells, determining the aggressiveness of the cancer, and assessing its stage. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are vital for timely intervention and effective management of prostate cancer.

Reference Links

- https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/prostate-cancer-3/