Discolouration or darkening of skin under the lower eyelids, medically known as periorbital hyperpigmentation, is a common cosmetic complaint seen during consultations. They can be due to several factors, including genetics, ageing, sleep deprivation, allergies, or other lifestyle factors. Sometimes, dark circles may be associated with underlying medical conditions or anatomical features like prominent blood vessels or thin skin. Understanding dark circles' causes and treatment is key to effectively combating this aesthetic concern.

Causes of Dark Circles Under the Eyes

Some of the major causes of dark circles under the eyes are:

Genetics - Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in developing dark circles. Inherited traits such as thin skin, prominent blood vessels, and increased pigmentation can contribute to the appearance of dark circles.

Ageing - Age-related changes in the skin, such as loss of collagen and thinning, can make blood vessels more visible and contribute to dark circles. Reduced fat and muscle support around the eyes can also lead to hollowing and shadowing, exacerbating the appearance of dark circles.

Sleep Deprivation - Insufficient or low-quality sleep may lead to the dilation of blood vessels, becoming more apparent beneath the delicate skin around the eyes. Furthermore, sleep loss can result in fluid build-up and puffiness, enhancing the visibility of dark circles.

Allergies - Dark circles can result from allergic reactions that induce swelling and inflammation around the eyes, such as hay fever or allergic rhinitis. Allergy-induced rubbing or itching of the eyes can harm sensitive skin and worsen dark circles.

Sun Exposure - Prolonged exposure to sun ultraviolet (UV) radiation can stimulate melanin production and darken the skin around the eyes. Sun damage can also accelerate ageing processes, including collagen breakdown and skin thinning, contributing to the formation of dark circles.

Lifestyle Factors - Bad eating habits, including too much salt, can cause fluid retention and puffiness around the eyes, accentuating dark circles.

Smoking & Alcohol Consumption - Smoking and drinking alcohol can worsen dark circles and the ageing process of the skin by reducing blood flow and depleting vital nutrients.

Medical Conditions - Specific health issues, like thyroid imbalances, anaemia, and dehydration, might appear as dark circles under the eyes because of their overall impact on the body. Long-term conditions or hidden health problems can lead to tiredness, stress, and a lack of vital nutrients, intensifying the look of dark circles.

Treatment for Dark Circles Under The Eyes

There are different treatment options available for dark circles; some of the major ways are:

Chemical Peels - Alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) and beta hydroxy acid (BHA)--containing chemical peels can help exfoliate the skin, enhance texture, and lessen hyperpigmentation. Peels encourage the formation of collagen and cell turnover, resulting in smoother, brighter skin with fewer dark circles.

Topical Creams and Serums - Topical creams available over-the-counter or prescription, with components like retinoids, vitamin C, vitamin K, and peptides, can enhance skin texture, lighten pigmentation, and boost collagen creation. Elements such as hyaluronic acid and caffeine can moisturise the skin and lessen swelling around the eyes.

Laser Therapy - Intense pulsed light (IPL) and fractional laser therapy are two examples of laser treatments that can target pigmentation and encourage the skin's creation of collagen.

Injectable Fillers - Hyaluronic acid-based dermal fillers can be injected into the tear trough area to fill in hollows and minimise the appearance of dark circles. Fillers give volume to the area beneath the eyes, reducing the appearance of dark circles and enhancing the harmony of the face.

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy - PRP therapy involves extracting platelets from the patient's blood and injecting them into the under-eye area. Growth factors found in platelets promote collagen synthesis, enhance blood flow, and revitalise the skin, diminishing dark circles and enhancing skin texture.

Microneedling - Microneedling uses a tool equipped with fine needles to make small wounds in the skin, prompting collagen formation and improving the uptake of topical products. Consistent use can refine skin texture, decrease pigmentation, and lessen the visibility of dark circles.

Lifestyle Modifications - Embracing healthy lifestyle choices, including sufficient sleep, adequate hydration, stress management, and a nutritious diet, can assist in diminishing dark circles. Protecting the eyes from the sun by wearing sunscreen and sunglasses helps safeguard the sensitive skin in this area and avert additional pigmentation.

Conclusion

Understanding the multifactorial causes of dark circles under the eyes is crucial for effective treatment. By addressing underlying factors such as genetics, lifestyle habits, and medical conditions, individuals can implement targeted treatments to reduce their appearance and improve skin health, enhancing overall well-being and confidence.

FAQs About Dark Circles Under the Eyes

Q1. How do you get rid of dark circles under your eyes?
A1. Ensure you get enough sleep, drink enough water, and eat a well-balanced diet high in vitamins C and K to help reduce dark circles under your eyes. Furthermore, topical treatments like cold compresses and eye creams containing caffeine can aid in the reduction of discolouration and puffiness.

Q2. What deficiency causes dark circles?
A2. Low vitamin B12 levels may exacerbate skin pigmentation, leading to dark circles under the eyes. Dark circles beneath the eyes might also be a symptom of iron-deficient anaemia.

Q3. What causes very dark circles under the eyes?
A3. When the skin beneath both eyes darkens more than usual, black circles under the eyes result. When you're tired, dark circles under your eyes usually show more. Smoking, excessive alcohol use, and stress are other lifestyle variables that may be linked to dark circles around the eyes.

Q4. Can ice remove dark circles?
A4. This will lessen dark circles by helping to narrow the blood vessels. Ice cubes covered in muslin fabric can also be used; however, avoid putting ice directly on your skin, as this could harm it. Repeat this twice to three times daily to eliminate dark circles.

Reference

https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/dark-circles-under-eyes/basics/causes/sym-20050624