Thick, hardened layers of skin, known as calluses and corns, form when the skin tries to shield itself from pressure and friction. Usually, they impact the feet and toes or the hands and fingers. Corns are smaller than calluses and feature an inflammatory skin surrounding a hard centre. Calluses are typically larger and vary in shape, often appearing where the skin frequently rubs against something, like shoes or the ground. Both are usually not serious but can lead to discomfort or pain if they become too thick. Proper footwear and regular care can help manage and prevent them.

Symptoms of Corns and Calluses

Thick, Rough Skin—This is one of the most common signs in which the skin in the affected area becomes noticeably more challenging and less sensitive to touch.
Raised Bumps—Especially with corns, raised, hardened bumps that are often surrounded by inflamed skin can appear.
Flaky, Dry, or Waxy Skin—The skin around corns and calluses may be dry, flaky, or waxy.
Discomfort or Pain—While calluses are usually not painful, corns can cause pain when pressed. Both can become uncomfortable if they grow too thick or are in a spot that bears weight or experiences frequent friction.
Tenderness- The skin beneath and surrounding the corn or callus can feel tender or sore, particularly with pressure or use.

Causes of Corns and Calluses

Tight Shoes- Shoes that fit too tightly can squeeze the foot, leading to corns on the toes and calluses on the sides and soles of the feet.
Loose Shoes- On the other hand, too loose shoes may allow your foot to slip around and grind against them, causing friction that leads to calluses.
High Heels- It frequently increases pressure on the toes and forefoot, making corns more likely to develop.
Walking Barefoot- Regularly walking barefoot exposes the skin to direct friction against the ground, which can cause calluses, especially on the soles of the feet.
Manual Labor—Using hand tools without gloves or engaging in repetitive manual tasks can cause calluses on the hands.
Abnormalities in Gait- An unusual walking pattern can distribute weight unevenly across the feet, contributing to the formation of calluses on parts of the foot that bear excess pressure.
Bone Spurs- These are bony projections that can develop along the edges of bones, increasing pressure under the skin and contributing to corn and callus formation.

Treatments of Corns and Calluses

Proper Footwear- Wearing shoes that fit well and provide adequate room for the toes can help alleviate pressure on the feet.
Over-the-Counter Pads- Soft pads or moleskin can be placed around corns or over calluses to help reduce pressure and pain.
Soaking and Moisturising- The feet in warm, soapy water softens corns and calluses. After soaking, remove the thicker skin gently with a pumice stone or foot file. Afterwards, moisturising keeps the skin supple.
Protective Gloves—Wearing protective gloves during manual activities can prevent further skin irritation, especially for calluses that form on the hands.
Orthotic Inserts—Custom or over-the-counter orthotic inserts can redistribute pressure away from corns and calluses, especially for those with abnormal gait.
Salicylic Acid—Salicylic acid-containing products can facilitate the removal of calluses and corns by softening their tough skin. However, they should be used with caution, especially by people with diabetes or sensitive skin.
Professional Treatment—For persistent or painful corns and calluses, a visit to a podiatrist or dermatologist may be necessary. These professionals can safely trim excess skin or recommend treatments such as cryotherapy.
Surgery- In cases where bone deformities cause corns or calluses, surgical correction might be recommended to alleviate the underlying issue.

Conclusion

Corns and calluses are common skin conditions characterised by thick, hardened layers of skin that develop due to repeated pressure and friction. Symptoms include rough, raised skin that may be tender or painful. Common causes range from ill-fitting footwear to repetitive physical activities. Effective treatments involve wearing appropriate footwear, using protective pads, and maintaining good foot hygiene. In severe cases, professional medical treatment may be required. Prevention and early intervention are key to managing these conditions, ensuring both comfort and the health of your skin. Regular care and protective measures can significantly reduce the risk of developing corns and calluses.

Reference

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16896-corns-and-calluses
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/corns-and-calluses/symptoms-causes/syc-20355946