Overview

Cervical polyps are small, benign growths that develop on the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. These finger-like or elongated growths are typically noncancerous and often symptomless but may cause abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or discomfort during intercourse. They can be easily removed if necessary. While their exact aetiology remains uncertain, hormonal fluctuations, chronic inflammation, or cervical irritation are believed to contribute to their development.

Detecting and diagnosing these polyps typically involves a pelvic examination, complemented by a Pap smear or a colposcopy for a more detailed evaluation. While most cervical polyps are benign, they should not be overlooked, as they can occasionally harbour malignant transformations. Consequently, immediate removal through a simple outpatient procedure becomes imperative.

Understanding the causes, recognising symptoms, and ensuring timely diagnosis and treatment are essential in managing cervical polyps and maintaining women's reproductive health.

[caption id="attachment_22730" align="alignnone" width="676"] Cervical polyp picture[/caption]

Causes of Cervical Polyps

The exact cause of cervical polyps is unclear. However, they are believed to be linked to various factors, including

- Hormonal Influences: Fluctuations in hormonal levels, particularly oestrogen, can stimulate the growth of cervical tissue, leading to polyp formation.
- Blood Vessel Abnormalities: Some studies suggest that abnormalities in blood vessels in the cervix may contribute to polyp growth.
- Chronic Infection: Persistent infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), can be associated with polyp development.
- Cervical Ectropion: This condition involves the exposure of glandular cells on the cervix's outer surface, which can contribute to polyp formation.

Symptoms of Cervical Polyps

Cervical polyps may be asymptomatic (showing no noticeable symptoms), especially in their early stages. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include:

- Vaginal bleeding: This is the most common symptom. Women with cervical polyps may experience irregular bleeding, which can occur after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause.
- Vaginal Discharge: Some women may notice an increase in vaginal discharge, which can be clear, white, or bloody.
- Pelvic Pain or Pressure: Larger polyps or irritated ones may cause discomfort in the pelvic region.
- Bleeding after Intercourse: Polyps can be sensitive and may bleed when irritated, particularly during sexual activity.

Diagnosis of Cervical Polyps

It is important to consult a healthcare professional if a woman experiences any of the aforementioned symptoms. The following methods are commonly used to diagnose cervical polyps -

- Pelvic Examination: A healthcare provider will perform a pelvic exam to inspect the cervix visually. Polyps are often visible during this examination.
- Cervical Biopsy: Sometimes, a small tissue sample may be taken for laboratory analysis to confirm the diagnosis and rule out any potential malignancy.
- Colposcopy: In some cases, a colposcope (a magnifying instrument) may be used to obtain a closer and more detailed view of the cervix.
- Transvaginal Ultrasound: In cases where the polyps are higher in the cervical canal and not visible during a pelvic exam, transvaginal ultrasound may be used to locate and evaluate them.

[caption id="attachment_22731" align="alignnone" width="568"] Transvaginal Ultrasound[/caption]

Treatment of Cervical Polyps

[caption id="attachment_22732" align="alignnone" width="1754"] Cauterisation[/caption]

The management of cervical polyps primarily involves their removal, which can be done through several methods:

- Polypectomy: This is a simple procedure where the polyp is removed by twisting it off or using a special instrument. It is typically performed in the doctor's office.
- Cauterisation: In some cases, the base of the polyp may be burned or cauterised to prevent regrowth.
- Surgery: If the polyp is large or if there are multiple polyps, a minor surgical procedure may be necessary to remove them.
- Hormone Therapy: In cases where hormonal imbalances are believed to contribute to polyp growth, hormone therapy may be prescribed to regulate hormone levels.

When to Consult a Doctor

You can also get in touch with the expert Gynecology doctors at Narayana Healthcare based in your city to get immediate attention and medical support during injuries, health disorders or any other health concern.

Conclusion

Cervical polyps are common growths on the cervix that, while usually benign, can lead to uncomfortable symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to managing this condition. Regular gynaecological check-ups and open communication with a healthcare provider can help identify and address any potential issues promptly. Remember, this information is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and it's important to consult a qualified healthcare provider for any concerns regarding cervical health.

References

- https://www.webmd.com/women/cervical-polyps
- https://www.healthline.com/health/cervical-polyps
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562185/